Ethical Problems of Cloning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ethical Problems of Cloning - Essay Example The doctors are hopeful, that they can induce a remission again. However, the most effective treatment would be a bone marrow transplant. Jim and Gwen have no other children and neither of them are a close enough match. They decide to attempt to conceive another child who will be a match for Ruth and seek assistance from an IVF specialist. They will then be able to use the cord blood for the transplant. They undergo three attempts involving the collection and fertilization of ova. Each embryo is tested but none of the eight embryos are a match. Ruth has finished the repeated courses of chemotherapy and is in remission again. However, her parents are not sure, how long she will remain in remission and are disheartened by the failure to find an embryo that is a match. They ask the doctors to consider cloning Ruth, using an egg from Gwen with the nucleus removed. The doctors are reasonably sure, that they could successfully clone a child, even though it has only been trialed with animals. However, they are seriously concerned, that the child would be born with birth defects. Jim and Gwen acknowledge this concern but feel there is no other way to save Ruth. Is cloning a human real Should human clones exist The question is not in technical peculiarities now, but in the moral and ethical implications of cloning. On the one hand, this act may be considered immoral. It is known, that a person has got not only body, but thoughts, deeds, moral standards. People can be happy and sad, angry and kind. And people have got reason. This is the fundamental difference of humans and animals. There is the risk, that a human clone won't have human thoughts or traits, which won't make him different from animals. This creature will be like an empty cover without soul. The so-called cloning technology distinguishes only material, and not spiritual nature of people. Thus it may create a mass production of humans without any relation to the real act of conception and with giving a little individual no mind or soul. Transplantation of organs from a clone, whose donor attributes are similar to those of the patient, may not be a desirable objectivity. The life of a human, even of a cloned one, should not be considered as the consumer product. Even an embryo at its initial stage of development possesses life. That's why it may be considered immoral to create human life for further killing it. It is rather difficult to accept cloning from the ethical point of view. But there is also some concern from technological point of view. Though cloned animals exist, but it has been noticed that they often have physical defects or are overtaken by untimely death. This very fact was outlined to Ruth's parents - there is the great risk of the cloned child having many physical defects, and there are no guarantees, that the child will live a long life. According to the research, the probable rates of death among children may reach 50%. Taking into account this fact, some people may consider cloning to be a crime. No one should strive to acquire hundreds of embryos, which stand in front of the danger of being destroyed. This fact is enough to suppose cloning to be immoral. Moreover, the children, who were born through cloning, may meet a lot of terrible problems in their lives, as

Developmental Psychology Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Developmental Psychology - Case Study Example These issues will be tied to the Freudian theories addressing repression, defense mechanisms, and division of the mind. Since this project is of a scholarly nature, only academic-quality resources were used in putting it together. The works were from academic scholars and were located utilizing an online search engine. The idea was to first develop the questionnaire, interview the mother of the child at the topic of discussion, and then to relate what was learned in the survey to the academic literature, which reflected the works of Freud and his ideas. The first of Freud's theories that was analyzed was that of repression. According to Stevenson (1996, pg. 1), "Freud's conception of the mind is characterized by primarily by dynamism, seen in the distribution of psychic energy, the interplay between the different levels of consciousness, and the interaction between the various functions of the mind. The single function of the mind which brings together these various aspects is repression, the maintenance of what is and what isn't appropriately retained in the conscious mind." It is believed that the child of this discussion is experiencing the strong symptoms of repression, most likely due to the childhood loss of her little sister. Stevenson (1996, pg. ... fundamental, usually unconscious function of the ego, maintains equilibrium in the individual by repressing inappropriate, unfeasible, or guilt-causing urges, memories and wishes (all usually of the id) to the level of the unconscious, where they will be out of sight, if not out of mind. The ability to repress dangerous or unsettling thoughts turns out to be vital to the individual's ability to negotiate his way through life." Of course, a healthy level of repression is to be expected of a child. A child who cannot repress guilty urges is doomed to a life of crime and punishment. However, if a child is overly repressed, it can seriously interfere with his or her life. One way in which it can manifest itself is in the form of anxiety, and it can be seen on the questionnaire that the child in question is experiencing anxiety and panic attacks. It can also show up in the form of repressed anger, where the child holds a grudge against someone and then suddenly explodes or is irritable, and it can be seen on the questionnaire that the child in question is having issues regarding anger and irritability (Breger, 2000; Gay, 1996; and Petocz, 1999). The next level of Freudian theory that was examined was that of defense mechanisms. According to Stevenson (1996, pg. 1), "As a part of the never-ending interplay between the id, ego, and superego, the mind (in particular the ego) must constantly repress anxiety-causing impulses or memories. This repression, though, is often tenuous and difficult to maintain. In order to sustain this repression and fend off anxiety, often in the face of constant reminders of the repressed item, the ego additionally employs several defense mechanisms. These mechanisms help to maintain the stability and sanity of the individual, though they sap

The forgotten Group Member Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The forgotten Group Member - Case Study Example The group should display better communication by informing all group members ahead of schedule when group meetings are going to be taking place. Christine failed to understand the dynamics of her group and thus was unable to bring them together in unity. Because of the stage that her group is currently in, Christine needed to educate her group members more by communicating with them in ways that she would be understood. Her inability to recognize this meant that the outcome of the group was inevitable. Part II. There are many primary and secondary problems that the group is currently facing. First of all, a primary problem is that there is not an effective leader in the group. Christine does not have a strong enough personality to take control and manage her team members in the right fashion. This is partly down to Christine’s inability to fully understand the needs of her group’s members. Because of this, Christine was not the best choice for the role of group leader s imply because she doesn’t have the skills required to perform the role effectively. The group never really went through the forming stage and, as such, did not progress beyond the storming stage. People like Mike should have been included in the group discussions and also involved in making decisions.

Technical-rational approaches to organisation have little relevance to Coursework

Technical-rational approaches to organisation have little relevance to managers in the current business environment. Discuss - Coursework Example The technical-rational approach to organizations is the process of reducing actual practices to a set of particular competencies and revising and practicing them regularly for the purpose of learning and assessment. A technical-rational approach to organization identifies core competencies and then tries to build an environment supporting exchange of knowledge and a system that can measure performance and ensure quality. Technical-rational approach is a part of the classical school and scientific management and is often regarded as the bureaucratic organization studies. It is called so because people in organizations have a defined set of tasks and responsibilities. Moreover, organizations also have hierarchical structures of reporting in the classical approach, which means that employees report to one another and can also have management responsibilities. Each organization have their own set of rules and procedures for the completion of tasks, and the position of all the employees d epends on their abilities and are judged on merit. Another important aspect of technical-rational approach to organizational studies is that all the employees are supposed to act in an impartial and unemotional manner with the well-being and goal fulfilment acting as the motivation. The economic growth along with increasing number of organizations also resulted in increasing the technical-rational approaches towards organization. As organizations continued to grow and expand in all directions, the number of jobs also increased as well as the requirement for specialized people expert in a single particular area. While the technical-rational approach to organizations gained tremendous popularity, it also had a number of disadvantages with a major one being the fact that employees would not be as effective if they perceive the rules and procedures as

Economics Discussion for online class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Economics Discussion for online class - Essay Example There are numerous players in the deals business line, and all players are required to engage in ethical, healthy, and fair competition. When Groupon started its operations in the year 2008, many of its rival firms were already operational and had undertaken ad business for several years. Search engine ad companies like Google and Facebook were already running operational and successful business lines. Groupon has integrated creative and innovative business strategies to rise above many competitors in ad business. Its rapid growth can be seen to harm, fight, or gobble rivals in the industry, but its competition parameters are economically provided for. The company engages other firms in intense competition, an aspect that normative provides for. For this reason, the outstanding performance of Groupon is based on its operational strategies, as opposed to exploiting its rivals. Although business sustainability is a critical factor in Groupon’s business, copycats of its business model are readily present (Marin, 2011). Therefore, Groupon’s business model is consistent with normative principles of

Compare the nature and impact of nationalism in India and in Essay - 1

Compare the nature and impact of nationalism in India and in sub-Saharan Africa in the 20th century - Essay Example Cultural identities vanished, political identities and political discrimination done by governing body and economic deprivation are the problems faced greatly by these people. These people make different small social groups which result ultimately in the development of ideas providing basis for nationalism. Many movements which contain ideas based on the concept of nationalism (Pamir). British Empire ruled was ruling all over the world in the twentieth century. The main goals ought to be achieved by these rules were the total use of natural and human resources of the occupied countries. Sub-continent is still considered as â€Å"golden bird† by world was conquered by British Empire in 1857. British enter the sub-continent for trade. At that time the whole area of subcontinent was lacking in a strong centralized government. All regions of sub-continent consisted of small empires of different people and continuously fighting with each other. Trade factor used by the British†™s East India Company, acted as a good recon for British. Due to this recon British know nearly all about the strengths and weaknesses of the rulers of the area aiding in capturing of whole region. On the other hand in sub-continent rulers were engaged in mutual disputes and at the time of invasion did not helped each other, in-fact aided British in order to capture the land of enemies (Ganguly, 11-25.). Last rebellion movement that failed in 1857 the whole rule of the sub-continent was fallen into the hands of British. If we compare India with other colonies of British Empire at that time; there is a major difference between other freedom movements and movement that resulted in the independence of sub-continental region from British. Other freedom movements going on around the world were violent in nature (Ganguly, 11-25.). In sub-continent liberalization and democratic institutions were present in even at that time. Other movements of the world contained a considerable amount of violence in them while movement in sub-continent was based on laws and democratic ways. There was an agreed constitution of 1935 implemented all over the region. Yet social and economic discrimination was still faced by most of the part of sub-continent. The major cause of increase in amplitude of the independence movement happened due a small incident that happened in 1853. Cow was considered as a sacred element for both Muslim and Hindu soldiers; (in-fact some of the sectors in Hindu religion consider cow as goddess). Muslim and Hindu soldiers refused to use the skin of cow as a part of greasing material used for tearing off of the cartridge. All those soldiers were ordered to be killed by commanding officer on that place. At the start of 20th century nationalist parties gathered on a single platform in order to provide political impedance to already present movement of independence. At start of the 20th century both Hindus and Muslims were on a single platform regarding the issu e of getting independence of freedom from British Empire. Both big leaders of Hindus (Gandhi) and Muslims (Muhammad Ali Jinnah) now known as founders of independent states of Islamic Republic of Pakistan and biggest claimed democracy Republic of India respectively (Ganguly). But history repeated itself conflicts raised between Hindus and Muslims

Urban Studies and Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Urban Studies and Planning - Essay Example All these careers are exciting and personally fulfilling in the sense that they are well paying, challenging, and they give one an opportunity to grow. The urge of using my skills to establish a community where people can live and start families makes a career as an urban planner to be my first priority. I understand that a college degree in addition to extensive training is a requirement for a successful entry into this field of work. To qualify as an urban planner, one needs to take classes on environmental studies so as to understand the interactions between people and the natural environment as well as the dynamics of the environment. Moreover, a person needs to take classes on economics so as to comprehend how the markets operate, particularly, what makes a successful regional economy and business. Additionally, one needs to take classes in art and design so as to prepare oneself to think creatively about visual appearances. The prospect of getting employed as an urban planner is also high. First, there are many institutions, both public and private that hire urban planners. With a degree in urban planning together with the required experience, I can be hired by local/regional governments, private planning firms, and private property owners to facilitate the planning of commercial and communal developments, as well as transportation systems and public facilities (Bayer, Frank, & Valerius, 2009). Secondly, urba n planning is a growing field of employment. As Bayer, Frank & Valerius (2009) put it, the roles of urban planners remain in high demand, and is expected to grow significantly by 2014. For example, the U.S News and Urban Report rated urban and regional planner among the best careers in 2009 (U.S News, 2009). Additionally, the Bureau of Labor Statistics projects a 15% growth in planning jobs between 2006 and 2016. The salary and benefits of regional and urban planners is very attractive. The Bureau of Labor Statistics indicates that the median yearly pay for urban and regional planners was $63,040 in May 2010 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2013). Based on the fact that the planning industry has experienced growth in the past years, the prospect of career development is also looking good. This growth is stimulated by environmental concerns and population growth being experienced. Other than becoming an urban planner, I would prefer to become an architect. Since my childhood, I have alwa ys been fascinated with the science and art of building and construction. The prospect of becoming a renowned architect is exciting and interesting because this career path will enable me to design an entire built environment- from how a building associates with its surrounding environment, to construction or architectural details that entails its interior and designing and making furniture to be used inside it. Looking at this career path from a different perspective, I established that architecture is poetic in the manner that it presents itself. It is complex in the questions and issues it gives rise to. Contrary to popular belief that architecture is static, I have established that architecture is detailed and analytical. These qualities make this career path not only attractive, but also fulfilling. A career in architecture is interesting and exciting due to its longevity nature. As compared to most professions, architects can practice their