Comparison of Urban Sociological Theories Essay

Comparison of Urban Sociological Theories In order for an urban sociologist to discover â€Å"How urban societies work,† theories of â€Å"urban ecology† or â€Å"political economy† are used as a guide in their research. Urban ecology refers to the importance of social structure and social organization as shaping social life in the city. Urban ecologist concerns for social order, social cohesion, community ties and social differentiation offer key insight to how societies work (Kleniewski, 2001). Alternatively political economy stresses the use of power, domination and resources in the shaping of cities (Kleniewski, 2001). Urban sociologists’ theoretical approach to research questions is based on fundamental assumptions that they find most useful for understanding the operation of the social world. Therefore researchers using these different theories will ask different questions, examine different data and interpret their findings in different ways (Kleniewski, 2001). In the early years of 1910-1920, a time of social change and urban growth, urban sociologists in the United States, the Chicago School, were directly confronted by the diversity, liveliness and apparent fragmentation of urban life. The urban sociologists of the Chicago School drew a concern for order, cohesion and social relationships (Kleniewski, 2001). The founder of the Chicago School of urban sociology was Robert E. Park. He believed that cities are like living organisms, composed of interconnected parts and that each part relates to the structure of the city as a whole and to the other parts (Kleniewski, 2001). Park called his approach to urban life â€Å"human ecology,† a term used interchangeably with â€Å"urban ecology. Human ecology studies the â€Å"social norms† which are rooted in the relationship between human populations and the environment or territories they inhabit, stressing the orderly interaction of interdependent parts of social life in urban areas (Kleniewski, 2001). Human ecologist, Louis Wirth shared with the theoretical antecedents of urban ecology, Tonnies, Durkheim and Simmel, the notion that social interactions in cities were different from social interactions in rura l areas or small communities. He believed that social interactions in modern industrial cities were impersonal and fragmented. He believed that factors such as size, density, and heterogeneity were responsible for social relations found in cities (Kleniewski, 2001). This theory of human ecology was used to study human behavior such as, lives of gang members, homeless people and immigrants and to study changing land uses over time in order to show how the different populations of the city adapt to and compete for territories (Kleniewski, 2001. In comparison to urban ecology, political economy is concerned with how urban societies work. Although, political economist developed different understandings and interpretations of how urban societies actually work. In the 1970’s the city had many social problems which included welfare, unemployment and tax inflations. Theorist of political economy, Marx, Engels and Weber viewed the city as a site of struggle due to unequal distribution of resources (Kleniewski, 2001). Therefore in contrast to the urban ecology theory of humans being immediately dependent on their environment, the theory of political economy stresses that the city relies not only on its environment but its social arrangement, economic and political functions. Also in contrast to urban ecology, residential patterns are not only influenced by humans just adapting to their natural environment but by economic inequalities. This leads to competition. In contrast to urban ecology, competition not just among groups for space but among groups for control of economic resources. Political economists theorize that â€Å"social norms,† in contrast to urban ecology are not only influenced by size and density of the population but also influenced by the values of dominant groups (Kleniewski, 2001). These struggles or social forces help shape urban patterns and urban social life. Therefore, class, social status, political power, racial and ethnic conflicts also play a major role in shaping the city (Kleniewski, 2001). The Political Economy Perspective

Popular- Process Analysis Essay

Popularity. Everyone, admitting or not, craves the positive attention from their peers and classmates. To be desired by those surrounding oneself and accepted amongst others is an inevitable side effect to the complete high school experience. No one goes to school with a want to be the out casted and sociopathic seeming student who has little to no friends; it could be said practically that teenagers lust for popularity. While some enter their school years with instant desirability, there are ways to make a popular being of oneself.The first step to becoming popular is to lose every ounce of self respect one could possibly maintain; thus creating an appearance of vulnerability which is more appealing to the widely admired crowd. This is because the lack of self respect makes one come across as a more easily persuaded being which is exactly what certain groups would look for in a person; solely because it’s easier to add an attention craving zombie to their clique, as opposed t o someone who might actually stand for what they believe in.To quicken the effect of the first step one could simply give in and choose to agree or be willing to do whatever the desired clan asks or defines as cool. The aforementioned first step on the road to popularity may have but is not limited to these side effects: losing friendships, making regrettable mistakes, backhanded compliments, and loss of self confidence. Second on the journey to social inclination is kissing good grades goodbye!Popular people don’t have time for homework or extracurricular activities, and if one ever expects to reach that level of mass acceptance then grades should be forgotten or seen as extremely low importance. This way there will be plenty of class time to make jokes, a fool of oneself, and text friends. If time is managed wisely one could probably even make fun of their previous best friends and expose their weaknesses or insecurities to the rest of those with a more commonly craved repu tation. Bad grades and hurting old friends is entirely worth the fame though, isn’t it?Lastly, to complete the transformation of popularity, trash the old reputation. Sure, it’s likely to be seen as a total wreck by most at this point, however there are probably a few people with some faith things could go back to their old and innocent ways. It’s best to eliminate that idea from their head. A few ideas on how to do that are: be provocative, publically disrespect parents, show anti-school spirit, and get caught committing some illegal act (stealing and vandalism are always some good ones).This should ensure that everyone knows just how important and deserve to be talked about one has come to be. Never stop there though; once the steps have been completed, one should continue to do crazy stupid things that will make them hallway gossip for weeks to come! In conclusion, everyone just wants to be wanted. It’s known to nearly every kid in a public school syst em, and it’s not uncommon to see ones classmates do ridiculous things for the attention of their peers. Yes, it’s impossible not to feel a need for wanting and social acceptance, it’s only human.However, it is possible to not go overboard on the need for idolization by those surrounding us. Popularity, in all honesty, is a drug more addictive than heroin, and we’re all abusing the use of it. Whether one enters their years in a school system with the support and companionship of many, or as an outcast in a social dry spell, the acceptance and acknowledgement of others can be achieved through other ways that allow not changing oneself to match another’s standard definition of popular.

Why company should start saving on electricity

Why company should start saving on electricity Nowadays, electricity is a common utilities used everywhere especially on every company. There is numerous ways to save electricity especially on the company premise. Saving on electricity will give many good factors also beside that some negative factors. Paying bills will be more less compare to the previous as of result of the electricity saving. However, the electricity company will get impact for their annual profit because the revenue will be decreasing as a result of the less amount electricity bills by some company.Every company also will be able to minimize the maintenance cost from the electricity saving. This shows by fewer Jobs done by electrical devices such as air conditioner, office lamp and others. As an example, the company will do servicing or replacing filters Inside air conditioner at the longer gap time compare to the previous. On the other hand, the maintenance servicing company will get less work also less revenue because of the action. The company also will be gain higher profit as a result of the electricity saving.Generally, the electricity cost is among major cost of every company operations yearly. In addition, company will be able to pay more bonus and Increment to their respective staff. Unfortunately, the motivation for some staff will be decrease because of the easily company to pay high bonus and increment to their staff. Moreover, at the end of every year they Just wait for company to pay them bonus without them to produce higher productivity. Name: – Mood January Bin Bad Jaws sol 1630 Date: – 04/09/2014

Our Soldiers in Iraq and Afghanistan War Term Paper

Our Soldiers in Iraq and Afghanistan War - Term Paper Example The wars have been compounded by the influence of Al Qaeda and foreign fighters who have infiltrated in the country. These have seriously complicated the war on terror as a result of suicide attacks and kidnappings they employ. These have dealt a big blow to the reconstruction efforts being undertaken in the two countries and also continue to pose a big threat to global security. This is due to extremist tendencies which they seem to have perfected the world over with adverse effects to mankind. Iraq woes started with the discovery of oil and the subsequent scramble for oil by the US and Great Britain in 1930s. Since her independence in 1931, the country's political arena has been characterized by a series of coups and other political upheavals that led to the coming to power of Saddam Hussein in 1979 (The Iraq crisis, n.d, Para 5). Saddam, on coming to power immediately embarked on consolidation of his dictatorial powers and an ambitious territorial expansion campaign that led to on e of the longest battles in Asia involving Iraq and Iran. Iraq later went on to invade Kuwait in 1990 and occupy it which led to its fierce confrontation with the US alongside its NATO allies. Iraq was defeated and withdrew from the country. Saddam later went on to develop nuclear weapon facilities, a move that set him at odds with the international community. Sanctions were imposed on the country after it refused to cooperate with the UN arms inspectors. This protracted competition eventually culminated into the US invasion of the country. The ouster of Saddam Hussein in 2003 led to a stream of devastation in the country caused by widespread looting and civilian bombings by pro -Saddam militias. This caused adverse effects to the countries infrastructure and a serious humanitarian crisis that called for urgent remedies. A civilian government was later installed to replace the fallen Saddam government. The move was expected to instill calm but achieved modest success due to lack of acceptance by the Iraqi people. In its counterattacks, the Iraqi forces put up fierce resistance and also attacked bases in Kuwaiti according to Lee (2009, Para. 8). Both the new government and the coalition forces continue to face heavy casualties as a result of attacks by the remaining insurgents helped by al Qaeda fighters.   Afghanistan has also had a series of uprisings since independence the most difficult period being the mujahedeen war against Russian communist occupation in the 1980s. This formed the very foundation of Al Qaeda through the inspiration of then the US-backed Osama Bin Laden. This makes the renegades a creation of US blunders in their strategies. Taliban did not pose a serious threat until they embraced Osama as their financier in exchange of allowing him to set up a base in the country. O

Certified fitness trainer (Question4) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Certified fitness trainer (Question4) - Essay Example runner, and a swimmer should perform high repetitions of around 13 to 15 because their aim for resistance training is essentially to develop muscle endurance. However, while they perform higher repetitions, the weight of their load may be set at relatively low levels. Using the same rule, we may conclude that clients like a carpenter or an obese client should be exposed to heavier weights but with fewer repetitions, ranging from 6 to 12 repetitions because their purpose for resistance training is to develop muscles. In a related manner, clients who want to develop muscular strength, such as the power lifter and the football player, must use much heavier weights but only engage in lower repetitions of around 4 to 5 repetitions in each weight. Finally, a secretary and a lawyer may engage in either high or moderate levels of repetitions depending on their resistance training

Personal and Professional Footprint Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Personal and Professional Footprint - Essay Example In fact, according to the results, we would require at least 4.2 planets if all people in the world were living my lifestyle. I was shocked by this because I have always regarded my life as modest and not too demanding in terms of natural resources. Of the four carbon footprint tests that I toot, two of them indicated that my carbon footprint is above national average. For instance, my housing footprint was 31.31 while the national average is only 28.36. My goods and services footprint is 67.78 compared to the national average of 62.06. I not only find these statistics as relevant but I also find them shocking and this means that I need to review my lifestyle. The industry has a number of processes and equipment that are associated with carbon footprint. This is caused by the number and type of machines, materials and processes that professionals in this industry have to use in order to be able to do their work. For instance, biologists have to use a number of chemicals for the various experiments they carry out. These chemicals have a number of negative impacts on the environment either directly or indirectly (Matthew, 2012). For instance, the chemical are removed from their natural places of existence and this has a negative impact on the environment. At the same time, the residues from these chemicals after they have been used in the laboratories also have a negative impact on the environment if the disposal is not done the right way. The other issue is the machinery that is used in the industry. This machinery consumes a lot of electricity and this definitely has an impact on the environment especially when the power source is not a renewable source. Electronic microscopes and other such machinery can consume a lot of power every year thus expanding the carbon footprint on the planet. At the same time, the manufacturing of these machinery and other laboratory equipment raging from the simple items as

The Role of Nationalism in Castros Regime in Cuba Essay

The Role of Nationalism in Castros Regime in Cuba - Essay Example In this regard, nationalism is better understood as the identification of people to a nation. It is the notion that people from the same nation share similar interests and values particular only to themselves. It is however of important to note that people use nationalism in different ways and have different ideologies regarding the whole subject. Castro arose to power in 1959 after leading a nationalist revolution that overthrew the previous government. He attempted to manifest nationalism through two ways i.e. socialism and communism. From the analysis and review of various literatures, I therefore argue that nationalism in Cuba was a repression to support Castro’s government. Role of nationalism in Castro’s reign Before he came into power, Castro was viewed as a nationalist and this saw him lead a revolution that brought him into power through support from various nationalists. This move was however not supported by the U.S because they did not want a charismatic nationalist like Castro to lead Cuba. In any case, the United States had a lot of vested interest in the country and needed a leader they could manipulate, certainly not Castro . Castro came up with an ideology of getting people to work for the benefit of all and not just individuals. During his reign, he valued national land and he did positive work for the people. This was seen when he bought back foreign owned land that was Cuban. He allowed Cuba to be run by its people. Through this, he garnered a lot of support from the masses. However, he later changed and became a communist when he integrated with the Soviet Union which put this imposition on him. This changed the notion of nationalism and it is from this perspective he used the nationalist ideology as a way of suppressing people. However he continued gaining much support from the people even as his regime became more despotic. Nationalism was one of the core elements in Castro’s platform. His core punch line was ‘with Fidel everything, against Fidel Nothing’2. In this case, those who opposed him were viewed as enemies of the state and had no place in Cuba. This propelled people to be in support of him even if his ideologies were unfavorable. No one among his elites questioned his role as a demonstration of nationalism. He used a manifestation of culture in nationalism by announcing to upper and middle classes that he shared their cultural and ideological prejudices. This was a form of communism whereby this people were to continue enjoying their employment as well as other benefits if they were in support of him. He moved to nationalize Cuba schools, industries and hospitals. This was a way of imposing communist tendencies into the country. This in essence was to have control over this institutions keeping in mind that these people could support him and not oppose him in order for their institutions to succeed. However, many people faced many challenges such as the scarcity of jobs in the country. Because of the great economic hardships, the workers were less likely to oppose him. This therefore justifies that nationalism was a form of repression. He used nat ionalism to counter policies that were against his regime. An example of such policy was the economic Embargo from the United States which wanted to see him out of power but he got support out of nationalism because of the notion that a sovereign society was not to get interference from other states. Because the United States had opposed him as a result of his communist ties, they did not get support from the people hence he continued to reign. He used unfriendly policies from the U.S in order to stir up nationalism hence convincing a lot of Cubans. This again was a repression on the ideology of nationalism. H

Cyberslacking and the Procrastination Superhighway Article

Cyberslacking and the Procrastination Superhighway - Article Example The authors have used different studies to elaborate on the subject. The evidence is given from both strands of thoughts on the use of technology. Some believe that technology is useful for teens while others are against this view. The use of the internet in the workplace is also discussed and relevant studies are cited to highlight the negative effect of the internet on the productivity of employees. The tone of the article is academic in nature. The author has refrained from using opinions and subjective comments on the subjects. Everything that is mentioned in the article is backed by appropriate evidence which is good. The topic is also studied in depth and different aspects of the subject are highlighted. It can be safely said that authors have done justice with the subject. The article is also very informative and is written in a simple manner. Basic level English is used and flowery words are avoided. Authors are also ‘to the point’ when talking about internet procrastination. Emotions are also not used to explain anything in the article and everything is evidenced. The target audience of the article is the general academic and students of information technology. The article is not too technical therefore any internet using teenager can understand it. The way with which authors have conducted their research is also admirable since they have given all relevant information in a way that is understandable to everyone. Data was collected through the internet and email. Participants were required to fill a survey questionnaire and then filled questionnaires were studied for results. The survey was also filled voluntarily by participants, therefore, results should be considered objective.  

Campaign Measurables Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Campaign Measurables - Coursework Example The measure for the profitability is through an increased Return on Investment (ROI) and in marketing terms- Return on Marketing Investment (ROMI). There are several differences between GRPs and IMPs. To begin with, GRPs is the frequency or the number of times an advertising campaign reaches its target audience. It measures the impact of the advertising campaign on its audience. The real measure of the impact is through the sales that a particular advertising campaign is able to make in relation to a given product. GRP is a percentage that results from the multiplication of the reached target audience and the exposure frequency. On the other hand, (IMPs) represent the exposure of a particular advertisement or commercial to persons within the target audience (Tellis, 21). It is measured in terms of cost incurred to reach a thousand people; Cost per Thousand (CPM) or the cost incurred to reach a certain percentage of the audience; Cost per Point (CPP). The measure chosen by advertisers when pitching to clients is significant for the success of a campaign. It needs to be consistent with the annual goals of a campaign. This enables prior preparation in relation to the costs and the number of leads required for a campaign. Advertisers consider the ability of a given measure to hit the specific goals set (Tellis, 45). For instance, in the high profitability goals, the preferred measure needs to deliver a high Return on Investment in consideration of the overall budget. The chosen measure needs to focus on several prospects that ensure the achievement of optimum results. For instance, is should ensure a cost effective program through the conduction of a cost-benefit analysis. The benefits incurred when pitching to clients, needs to outweigh the costs incurred. Acquisition rate is a measure of the increase or growth in sales from a given

Social terms in Islam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Social terms in Islam - Essay Example He went to a cave to muse on the problems, and there he prayed. In the year 610, the angel Gabriel appeared to him. It was Gabriel who gave Muhammad the words to the Koran. Muhammad started to preach, and at first his words were not taken well. Meccans were told not to trade with the would-be Muslims. In the year 619 his wife died. It was after this that he had his famous journey to Jerusalem. Soon men from Medina heard of him, and said that if his ideas worked "he would be the strongest man in Arabia." (U.S. News and World Report, Secrets of Islam pg.22) The Medina Arabs soon accepted Islam, but it was far from being accepted by everybody in Arabia. Muhammad died at the age of 63, and within a century of his death Islam spread across three continents. The first split in the religion happened not long after Muhammad's death. When Muhammad died he left no indication of who was to rule after him. The Sunnis believe that Ali, Muhammad's cousin should have been the first caliph to rule after Muhammad. Instead, he was the 4th. The third caliph; Uthman, was killed, and Ali was accused of not pursuing Uthman's killers. Mu'awiya, Uthman's cousin and the governor of Damascus refused to accept Ali as the caliph until Uthman's killers were caught. Ali was killed by one on his own followers, and then Mu'awiya took the title of caliph. Ali's son, Hussein was promised the caliph after Mu'awiy died. However Mu'awiya's son took the caliph, and Hussein died. However Hussien's son Ali survived, and the two lines of caliphs made the split between the Islamic factions of Sunni and Shia. Both sects of the religion are Islam however. A believer of Islam, be the person Sunni or Shia, is called a Muslim. Muslim is the Arab word for submission to the will of Allah. And a Muslim is a person who has submitted their will to the will of Allah. Muslims believe in the 5 Pillars of Islam. The Five Pillars are: 1. To believe in Allah and his Prophet Muhammad. 2. To pray in the direction of Mecca five times a day 3. To make a pilgrimage to Mecca during their lifetime if able 4. to pay religious taxes(alms) 5. to observe and fast during Ramadan The holy book for Muslims, the Koran, is the main source for Islamic law. It is considered the ultimate source of instruction and information. The legal interpretation of the Koran is call the Shariah and can vary within the religion. For example, the Koran calls for modesty in women's dress, and some Shariah's say that women should be veiled from head to foot. Islam soon spread far across the world. There is some debate however about how it came to Kyrgyzstan. Some sources say it was brought over by Sufis, Islamic missionaries. The majority of the other sources say that the religion was brought over by merchants and traders. As merchants traded, they would sell their wares as well as spread their Islamic faith. Islam was assimilated into the lifestyle of the people of the area. Some ideas of the religion were ignored, because they didn't fit with the nomadic life style of the people. The people of the area mainly practiced animism and forms of shamanism, and it I believed that they simply took and chose which parts of Islam they wanted to adopt. Many people also considered themselves Muslim, even if they didn't hold any of the beliefs of the religion. Because of the nomadic way of life, Islam does not have a strong hold on the society of Kyrgyzstan. One example of this is the role of women. Due to

Life Cycle Assessment Essay Example for Free

Life Cycle Assessment Essay This Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) aims to evaluate the environmental impact of the production of candlesticks. All the different materials and processes required to manufacture candles need to be taken into consideration to determine the impacts on the environment. The most common material used to manufacture candles is paraffin wax. Each candle comes in some type of individual packaging most of the time. Candle wicks are made using various natural fibers, such as reeds, rushes, or cotton. An important refinement in wick technology introduced the plaited wick, which burned more than unplaited wicks. Currently, twisted or plaited cotton makes up most of the wicks. The candlestick is made of steel, or could also be made of metal. The functional unit will be a 125ml candle able to generate up to 25 hours of light. Each steel-made candlestick can only hold one candle, and can be used several times. Inputs: †¢Paraffin wax †¢Cotton †¢Metal †¢Materials for packaging Outputs: †¢Gas emissions: when candles burn, paraffin wax emits greenhouse gasses such as carbon dioxide. †¢Depletion of natural resources: paraffin wax is derived from crude oil. Paraffin candles are petroleum products, a non renewable resource. It could increase pollution due to oil spills and the processes needed to extract petroleum. At the same time, the extraction of metal needed for the candlestick causes large volumes of solid waste, requires large amounts of energy, and produces air, soil, and water pollution. †¢Chemicals toxicity: some candles might have lead or zinc in their wick, which release harmful gasses when they burn. Also, scented candles can release toxins from the chemicals used to give them scent. Question 2 of 3 (10 points) Corporate Environmental Management Tools †¢Ecolabelling: Swan eco-label was developed for candles by the Nordic ecolabelling. The main purpose is to reduce the emission and effect of substances harmful to users’ health and the reduction of gases that have and impact on climate change. According to this scheme, 19 out of 28 are environmental requirements, such as description of the candle, description of chemical additives, among others. †¢Design for the Environment: Enabling consumers to quickly identify products that are safer and that can help protect the environment will make them choose a certain product more frequently. If manufacturers start focusing on producing candles that are made from the safest possible ingredients, consumers, producers, and the environment will benefit. †¢Sustainability reports: Keeping track of environmental performance and the capacity of a company to use and maintain resources in a way that prevents depletion, will improve economic, and social performance. If candles can be produced in a more sustainable way, that is, using substitutes sources that are renewable and less harmful, the final product will be more successful in all the areas. Therefore, reporting this information will allow constant improvement of all the processes. †¢Integrated supply chain management: It is important to know which stages in a supply chain are the ones that are being less efficient, and negatively affecting the production of a good, in this case, candlesticks. Determining these processes can enable their improvement to have a more environmentally friendly supply chain. †¢Carbon footprint: As we need metals for producing a candlestick, we depend on large amounts of energy and, if the energy is generated using fossil fuels, it has a large carbon footprint. Measuring carbon footprint allows the whole manufacturing process to be analyzed, realizing which stages have a stronger impact and how can they be improved. †¢Cleaner production: improvement of the machinery used in each stage of production can decrease the environmental impact of producing candles, as it will decrease waste created after different processes. It can also make the processes more efficient, benefiting the company. Development of technology has made these improvements possible. †¢Stakeholder analysis: every single company must consider all the interested parts in a product as they are the ones that decide how successful and efficient a good will is. If the manufacturing of candlesticks is for example affecting the surroundings of a plant, people, that are consumers too , can generate social impacts that will worsen the company’s performance and image. Question 3 of 3 (4 points) Challenges and limitations Candles can be made of different types of wax that have different impacts on the environment. Some of the raw materials that could be used to produce a candle can be less harmful than others. The candleholder life span could vary depending on the quality of the metal that is being used. Therefore, changing the life span of the candlestick. Transition from a â€Å"Cradle to Grave† to a â€Å"Cradle to Cradle† Steel has high scrap metal recycling value. Old metal material can be reused to make new products. Recycling old metal products uses 95% less energy than manufacturing it using new materials. Metal recycling processes require using a lot of energy. If we recycle metal products we only have to use a low percentage of this total energy, decreasing the use of our natural resources and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. To minimize wasteful wrapping of candles, the material used for packaging can reduce the environmental impact by choosing more recyclable materials. Aluminum, for instance, could be used as a base for the candles, or even to manufacture a candleholder, considering it can be easily recycled. Glass, can be recycled too, reused, and even upcycled into new materials or products. Avoiding candles with extra plastic packaging can also decrease the negative impacts on the environment. In addition to packaging decisions, considering the materials used for manufacturing of candles can benefit the producers, consumers and the environment. For example, soy and beeswax candle emit fewer harmful chemicals when burned. Another way to reduce pollution is to buy from local candlemakers. This reduces wasteful packaging, and there is no need to transport raw materials to a farther manufacturing plant, and to consumers at longer geographical distances. Thus, reducing fuel usage and supporting local bus inesses as well.

Themes in Hamlet Essay Example for Free

Themes in Hamlet Essay To what extent does Shakespeare deal with these themes in Hamlet? As consistent with all Shakespearean tragedies, Shakespeare uses the fatal flaws of the central characters to bring about their downfall which ultimately leads to their death. In Hamlet, deceit and betrayal initiates the failures of the main characters, particularly Prince Hamlet, King Claudius and Ophelia. These themes are pivotal to their actions and are used to expose the flaws of the characters that lead to their downfall and eventually, death. Shakespeare begins the play with the depressed, yet innocent Hamlet, who is in mourning for the recently dead king, his father. He is angry at his mother, for quickly marrying the new King, also his uncle. He feels betrayed by his mother because she was able to forget her previous husband so quickly and easily. He is melancholic because of his father’s death but more because of his mother’s â€Å"speedy marriage†. In his fury, he stereotypes all women as weak, â€Å"Frailty, thy name is woman. † He is uncomfortable with what he feels is an unacceptable situation and he senses, â€Å"It is not, nor can it come to, good. † Despite his negative feelings, his emotions are controlled and he does not even consider the possibility that his father was murdered and he is portrayed as blameless and wide open to deceit. Shakespeare creates the first twist of the play when Hamlet meets the ghost, his â€Å"father’s spirit†. The ghost divulges to a shocked Hamlet that his father was victim of â€Å"murder most foul† and urges the prince to â€Å"revenge his foul and most unnatural murder. The serpent that did sting thy father’s life now wears his crown,† thus revealing to Hamlet the betrayal and deceit of Claudius. Hamlet is outraged and disgusted by what he learns and promises the ghost, â€Å"Thy commandment all alone shall live within the book and volume of my brain. † He will seek nothing but revenge and he entrusts only the loyal Horatio and Marcellus with his sinister findings. Claudius murders his own brother and king to introduce the complex web of deceit and betrayal that make up the play. After Hamlet’s meeting with the ghost, Hamlet is convinced that he has been victim of betrayal and deceit as he refers to the spirit as â€Å"an honest ghost†. His previously controlled emotions reach boiling point and he is furious enough to call his mother a â€Å"most pernicious woman†. He is traumatised by the news and his emotions start to become uncontrolled causing Horatio to say, â€Å"These are but wild and whirling words, my lord. † Slowly, the idea of revenge overcomes all his thoughts and Shakespeare feeds idea of deceit and betrayal into his mind. Hamlet decides that the only way he can see through the deceit and confirm the murder claim is by deception himself. He decides to â€Å"put on an antic disposition† to enable him to spy on his uncle without arousing any suspicion. Ophelia, although innocent, is a character who is in the way of Hamlet without meaning to do any harm. Her father is the Lord Chamberlain who is capable of extracting all scraps of information from her, against her will. He is very loyal to the king and will pass on anything he knows to him. As a consequence, Ophelia cannot be trusted with the truth and is subjected to deceit and betrayal. Hamlet deceives her by deliberately acting mad to confuse her and telling her that he â€Å"loved her not†. This is a downright lie as is obvious towards the end of the play when he is distraught to discover her death and tells an equally distressed Laertes that â€Å"forty thousand brothers with all their quantity of love could not love her more than [he] did†. Hamlet betrays her by being cruel and sarcastic to her and making comments such as, â€Å"Get thee to a nunnery† to keep her away from him. Hamlet is forced to take this path because he knows she must not find out what he knows regarding his father’s death; otherwise he risks endangering his life from Claudius. Shakespeare uses all the deceit and betrayal to create a conflict of loyalty inside Ophelia and she is unsure whether she should stay true to her love Hamlet or obey her father. She betrays Hamlet by choosing to obey her father rather that staying loyal to Hamlet. Despite her feeble attempts to try to defend Hamlet by saying, â€Å"He hath importuned me with love in honourable fashion,† she cannot disobey her father. She is torn between a strong father and a strong lover but being the dutiful daughter she promises her father, â€Å"I shall obey, my lord,† when ordered to stay away from Hamlet and not to â€Å"give words or talk† to him. She deceives Hamlet when she allows Claudius and her father to spy on him by trying to engage him in conversation in the presence of the two men. Her decision to obey her father means she is completely reliant on him. Being a lady of her time, she does not have any independence and needs the support of a man which makes her vulnerable and ultimately a failure. Hamlet’s rudeness towards her and her betrayal of Hamlet makes her believe that he will not care for her again. When her father dies she feels as if she has lost everything and this drives her towards insanity and eventually, death. As is obvious from the beginning of the play, Hamlet’s main failure is that he is very indecisive and thinks about issues too much which lead to his downfall and ultimately, death. He is also quite lonely and throughout the course of the play, only Horatio remains loyal to the prince and Hamlet can talk to and trust only him. All others, including his girlfriend, Ophelia, betray him and he cannot speak freely with them. The lack of people to talk to means that thoughts build up in his mind and he is constantly thinking about issues, such as revenge and suicide, too much without being able to reach an appropriate decision. His main failure and fatal flaw is this inability to make quick decisions and take action before it is too late. Typically, Shakespeare shows Claudius’ main flaw and failure to be his ambition which is what possesses him to perform the evil deed of murdering the king. He confesses, â€Å"I am still possess’d of those effects for which I did the murder, my crown, mine own ambition and my queen. † He tries to convince himself that he cannot turn around and make up for what he has done because he has waded too far into the pool of evil. He offers what is really an empty prayer because his â€Å"words fly up† but â€Å"thoughts remain below† and he says, â€Å"Words without thoughts never to heaven go. † His failure is that he is too ambitious and greedy and he cannot bear to think about life without his throne and queen. He does not make any attempt to make up for what he has done because he does not want to which creates problems because eventually the truth is discovered and this brings about his downfall and death. All the actions of the main characters are shaped by Shakespeare through the themes of deceit, betrayal and failure. He uses the deceit and betrayal of Claudius and Ophelia to cause Hamlet himself to deceive and betray which enables him to discover the truth. Shakespeare uses the deceit and betrayal to bring out the failures of the characters that lead to their downfall and death.

Two Patterns Of Customer Loyalty And Brand Performance Marketing Essay

Two Patterns Of Customer Loyalty And Brand Performance Marketing Essay Abstract This essay would discuss the two patterns of customer loyalty and brand performance. There are Double Jeopardy (DJ) and Duplication of purchase law (DoPL). In DJ, it will be discussed about loyalty and penetration which also connected with market share and purchase frequency. The graphs are given to show the differences in measuring DJ in loyalty and penetration by looking at the market share and purchase frequency of big brands and small brands. On the other hand, in DoPL, it will be discussed about how brand compete each other by sharing their customers. The graph is given to show how big brands share their customers to small brands, vice versa. Furthermore, there is deviation of Double Jeopardy in brand growth where niche markets are applied by big companies. Therefore, marketers should not expect an attitudinal loyalty of buyers in their brand. Necessarily, they should expect buyers to purchase from other competing brands. Other is deviation of purchase law which called partition . In which, there are segmentation made by brands to fulfill customers needs. The reason is for the marketers to design the market structure to compete wider to other brands without specifically compete only with brands in the same line of brand size. Introduction of Double Jeopardy (DJ) and duplication of purchase law (DoPL) In general, as mentioned by McDowell and Dick (2005, p. 1), Double Jeopardy effect is where brands earning small market shares attract fewer customers but also experience less customer loyalty than more popular brands. From this definition, we can say that leading brand have a good chance in the market because they have high purchase frequency rate as well as a large number of buyers. It means that big brand will have low loyal rate compared to small brand due to rare of heavy buyers in the market. However, light buyers are the highest or majority proportion of market that buy leading brands product and it could be linked to heavy-half principle. Therefore, small brands suffer in two ways that low number of consumers and low purchase frequency rate. Another pattern is the duplication of purchase law (DoPL) where it is about brands who share their customers to other brands. It is supported by Lomax, Hammond, East Clamente (1996, p. 4) that buyers behaviour of purchase is random. It m eans there are many brands in buyers purchase frequency with the same line of category for a period of time. Furthermore, the law is big brand share more customers to bigger brands and share less customer to smaller brands. Nevertheless, there is deviation for duplication of purchase law that refers to partitioning which the law is contrast to DoPL. Double Jeopardy (DJ) Loyalty and Penetration Before many potential managers are growing in the world, there are only few brands in the market. It means loyalty towards a brand is high compared to nowadays. Currently, people are sharing their loyalty to another brand although there are some brands that having high loyalty from heavy buyers. Brand Loyalty is generally entails a strong commitment to a particular brand on the part of the consumer (Bandyopadhyay, Gupta Dube 2005, p.415).It means how consumers are loyal with a brand in the market. Penetration is proportion of users in the time period (Wright 2002, p.313). Another author said that penetration is the percentage of available shoppers who purchase your brand at least once in a given period of observation (Habel Rungie 2005, p.1). It means as managers, they could know how many buyers buy their products for a period of time. There are two categories of buyers in the market, such as light buyers and heavy buyers, that will be stipulated the sales of products. Therefore it comes out a heavy-half principle says that 50% of sales for a brands come from 20% of heavy buyers and another 50% of sales come from 80% of light users. By using this principle, brand managers would know which type of buyers that has a high influence for their majority sales of their brand. Therefore, brand growth would have got to do with the increasing in penetration and sales rather than the increasing in the consumers loyalty. Table III(1 and 2) shows the database of an instant coffee in USA that is could be linked with the double jeopardy theory in this case. It means the table also prove that small brand suffer in two ways as in few people who bought the products and small purchase frequency. As we can look at the table, we could see Brim as a small brand has low market share, consumers and purchase frequency rate compare to Maxwell House and it is below than average. From this table, it is shown that the average purchase frequency is 9.5 and although Maxwell House as the biggest brand in the market, their purchase frequency rate is only 3.6. this means that the average purchaser of the leading brand purchases other brands almost twice as often as they purchase the leading brand itself during the year (Wright, Sharp Sharp 1998, p. 468). However, if we compare Maxim brand as the smallest brand and compare with High Point as the one of leading brand based on purchase frequency, High Point has smaller purc hase frequency rate compare to Maxim. It means although Maxim is a small brand in the market but the purchase frequency of sole buyers is higher than average and some leading brands. By looking at the table, there is no 100 percent loyal of consumer towards any brand and over a year the highest loyalty rate is 20% for a leading brand. Leading brand has high sole buyers because of the attractiveness of the brand compared to small brand. Wright, Sharp Sharp (1998, p. 470) said in their journal that sole buyers are also relatively light buyers. It means the double jeopardy pattern occur in terms of the type of buyers- heavy buyer and light buyer. In this case, big brands will have more light buyers because loyalty is not as important as penetration for them. However, for small brands, most of their buyers are heavy buyers due to low market share (example is Brim and Maxim brands). According to table III (3), there are high correlation among market share, loyalty and penetration. This table is showing the difference changes for penetration and loyalty toward change in market share. By comparing penetration and loyalty, the changes in penetration with market share is higher than the changes in loyalty with market share. It means penetration could give an influence for market share of a brand rather than loyalty. In the other hands, when we look at the correlation of change in penetration with change in share for all type of brands, there is a small difference between them, where for high-share brands are 0.87, for mid-share brands are 0.80 and for low-share brands are 0.87.Nevertheless, when we look at the correlation of changes in loyalty with changes in share for all type of brands, there is a large gap or difference from high-share brands to low-share brands. The last but not least the correlation between changes in penetration and change in loyalty is 0.44 m eans penetration is higher than loyalty that could impact to the brand growth. In conclusion, penetration is more important than loyalty due to the low of heavy buyers in the market. Most of buyers are light buyers that could grow a brand become big that could be seen from the table. According to Baldinger , Blair Echambadi (2002, p. 14), they said that for managers who wish to grow market share over time, the first imperative is to increase penetration, regardless of whether the brand is big or small, but an almost equal imperative is to build customer loyalty. Duplication of Purchase Law (DoPL) brand performance By looking at the definition of purchase law above, it can be seen that brands would always compete each other through sharing their customers. This is happened because there are very rare of 100% loyal customers for a brand which is fall into the category of heavy buyers, whereas customers who are always switching brands in the same category would fall into the category of light buyer. It means, there are many brands lists in their mind in the same category which will make them switch brands more often and it is called repertoire market (Dawes 2008, p. 203). Generally, marketers are believed that most of the customers mind set would be influenced by the marketing strategy like advertising, price and loyalty program. Supported by Hoeffler Keller (2003 cited In McDowell and Dick, 2005) A motivator for brand purchase is brand awareness, saliency in their marketing and advertising. Therefore, most of the marketers always try to advertise more, give promotion and discount and increase loyalty programs to gain loyal customers and to make them purchase the brand. However, as it is mentioned above that there are no solely loyal customers; in fact, brands in the same category gain their revenue from customers who are also purchase other brands. It means, marketers should not think about how to gain loyal customers, yet how to gain high salience to reinforce the brand in their mind. The reason for this is to decrease their expenses in their loyalty program as it is costly and the fact that there is very rare of attitudinal loyalty. For example, a brand who gives their customers points that can be accumulated to rewards is not going to take for a long period of time. The reason is that customers would only go for that brand because of the accumulated points and not because of the brand name and loyal behaviour. As it is suggested by Kivetz (2005 cited in Liu 2007, p. 21) that this type of program may elicit reactance from consumers and reduce their intrinsic motivation to engage in the original purchase activities. To gain high salience in customers point of view, marketers should do more penetration to gain high market share and customers from other competitors. As supported by Sharp and Sharp (1977, p. 477) that penetration and market share is the main effect on duplication of purchase. According to table IV(1) duplication of purchase law can be seen where there is a declining number of brand size from right to left. In which, West End is leading this market with the highest brand duplication and penetration, whereas, Crown gain the least customer share because it is the smallest brand. Also, to prove the duplication of purchase, it can be seen that bigger brands share their customers more to the big brands and share less customers to small brand. Furthermore, penetration also takes place where big brand like West End acquire more customers and because of that, it can gain higher market share. Conversely, small brands would always gain lower than the big brands. As it is supported by Ehrenberg, Unclesan Goodhardt (2004, p.1310) that brands penetration is comparative with the level of switching. From the explanation and prove of the table of duplication of purchase law, it can be concluded that marketers should have to do more penetration rather than increase purchase frequency by loyalty program. As it is mentioned above that loyalty program is not really useful as it is costly that can only be applied in particular category and also not for a long period of time. Therefore, marketers should increase brand salience where customers would reinforce the brand and put it into the purchase set in mind. As the result of duplication of purchase law, brands are battling each other and share customers where bigger brands will gain high market share and small brands would have to struggle more in the market. Deviation of Double Jeopardy Double Jeopardy phenomenon is small brands suffer twice; fewer people support them, and those that do both like them less and are less loyal (McPhee 1963 cited Wright, Sharp A Sharp B 1998, p. 465). This theory is useful to differentiate the consumers preference between big and small brands. Nowadays, people are more believed towards big brands, which would give them good quality products that represent in the price. Although the price of big brands products may be more expensive than small brands products but they would not mind it as long as they satisfy with the brands (Baltas 1997 cited Gbadamosi 2009, p.1080). Actually, brands is growing because after consumers feel satisfy with the products, they will recommend all people that they know. It means the impact of word-of-mouth is huge for a successful brand. Word-of-mouth is getting opinion leaders to spread good words about the company in the marketplace-needs to be extended (Haywood 1989, p. 56). Most of people could not be loyal to a brand because of the spread of information, which are issued by people in the market, makes them to purchase the product (Procter Richards 2002, p.8). It means buyers have habitual behavior that makes them to share their loyalty to other competitors brands. The buyers who have that behavior could be said that they are a repertoire market. Repertoire market is these [market] have few solely loyal buyers as most buyers allocate their category requirements across several brands in a steady fashion (Sharp, Malcolm Goodhardt 2002). In fact, these buyers are light buyers that have high proportion in the market towards a brand. In reality, big brands could earn high profit because the strategy that they use based on the price or quality of the product and more light buyers purchase their products. However, most of small brands are using niche marketing strategy to compete with big brands. It is because the managers think that if they could satisfy the needs of niche market, their brand could grow up. Niche market is defined as a small market that is not served by competing products (Dalgic Leeuw 1994, p. 40). For example last time Body Shop is one of company who is a niche brand (Dowling Uncles 1997, p.8). To make it is clear, niche marketing strategy is the splitting of traditional markets into smaller segments and then devising separate marketing programs for each of these smaller segments, or niches (Parrish, Cassill Oxenham 2006, p.697). In the other hand, there are some big and successful brands in the market that are using niche marketing strategy to grow their brand. For example Fords Jaguar which creates a sport car for high class consumers that need good quality performance (Bandyopadhyay, Gupta Dube 2005, p.420). Although there are no 100% loyal consumers in the market (references) that only buy one brand for all of his or her products but there are some unique consumers that need a brand to satisfy their needs. Therefore, we cannot judge the brands based on the quantity of consumers who like the products but we could see that without large quantity of consumers, a brand could grow in the market. Deviation of Purchase Law Necessarily, partitioning should not be applied to prove duplication of purchase law. However, sometimes, because of the differences in customers needs and wants, there is deviation. This deviation of purchase law is namely as partitioning which occurred when several brands share customers to a greater or lesser extent than what would be expected given the market share of the brands (Dawes and Romaniuk 2005, p. 57). The reason that partition is formed is because of the major functional differences or similarities between brands (Sharp and Sharp 1997, p. 477). Therefore, as the empirical evidence states that this partition is actually could increase the knowledge and understanding over the market structure in customers point of view, especially in relation to price as an internal aspect which results to a higher expected duplication. It is undeniable that price is the most sensitive case for most of the customers behaviour in purchase situation. Therefore, there is segmentation for price based such as lifestyle, income and need based. This partition in brand competition is called neighborhood price effect which is stated in the empirical evidence by Sethuraman et al. (1999) that brands will compete with each other brands with a similar price set and not far distant in price (cited in Dawes and Romaniuk 2005, p. 58). As it is proved in the exampled by Romaniuk and Dawes (2005) that buyers would likely to purchase different bottle wines at the affordable range of price rather than choose the high level of price in a period of time. It can also be an evaluation of quality in which buyers would purchase outside the range of price due to different occasion. Other example also raised by Haley (1968, p. 31) that heavy coffee drinkers who drink at the chain store, would think that the taste for all coffee are basically t he same. Therefore, purchase a relatively inexpensive brand is their sensibility. On the other hand, heavy coffee drinkers who drink at the premium store would feel that adding for more bucks would satisfy their needs. Thus, it is apparent that price set is knowledge for the marketers to design market structure in partitioning where it is connected to their income, lifestyle and need based. Appendix Table III (1) USA instant coffee (one year) *Where b is the percentage of consumers and w is the purchase frequency rate. (Wright, Sharp Sharp 1998, p. 467) Table III (2) BRAND PENETRATION VS. PURCHASE FREQUENCY FOR COFFEE SALES (Baldinger , Blair Echambadi 2002, p. 10) Table III (3) (Baldinger, Blair Echambadi 2002, p. 11) Table IV (1) (Dawes 2008, p. 205)

Discuss the use of imagery in the three metaphysical poems we have :: English Literature

Discuss the use of imagery in the three metaphysical poems we have studied as a class. In the three metaphysical poems The Flea, To His Coy Mistress and A Valediction Forbidding Mourning; all have used unusual objects in their imagery, these objects are not usually associated with the subject matter so they get the poets point across in a bizarre style. All of the poems have similar themes and are all trying to persuade the women in them to co-operate with their needs in one way or another. All the poems deal with love, which is where the metaphysical aspect of the poem is portrayed. Metaphysics is a branch of philosophy that deals with the first principles, in particular Ontology ('being') and Epistemology ('knowing'), and that is concerned with the ultimate nature of reality. Metaphysical poets were a group of early 17th Century English Poets whose wok is characterised by ingenious, highly intricate wordplay and unlikely or paradoxical imagery. They use rhetorical and literary devices, such as paradox, hyperbole and elaborately developed conceits, in such a way as to engage the reader by their sheer outrageousness. In A Valediction Forbidding Mourning, a compass is used as the imagery. The poet is saying that he is at one point of the compass and she, his lover, is at the other and no matter how far he moves away they are still joined together. But when the lovers are together the points of the compass come together and the compass grows erect, this closed compass is an image of his erect penis. This image that the poet uses is to say to her that she need not worry because she is the only woman for him. At the top point of the image of the compass joining the man and woman together there is also a hidden picture of an eagle, "Like gold to ayery thinnesse beate." The 'ayery' in the quote is shaped to be seen as the word aviary which gives the idea of birds. When the illustration of 'gold' is mentioned before this, the two visual representations are combined to create an image of a golden eagle. The golden eagle is seen as a symbolic figure of strength and importance and within this text the poet is saying that the eagle is watching over them and protecting their love. The poem also brings up the subject of "Moving of th'earth brings harmes and feares," this is when the world was debating as to whether the earth was the centre of the universe. This caused a huge uproar in society because it shook peoples' beliefs. It is a sexual image and Discuss the use of imagery in the three metaphysical poems we have :: English Literature Discuss the use of imagery in the three metaphysical poems we have studied as a class. In the three metaphysical poems The Flea, To His Coy Mistress and A Valediction Forbidding Mourning; all have used unusual objects in their imagery, these objects are not usually associated with the subject matter so they get the poets point across in a bizarre style. All of the poems have similar themes and are all trying to persuade the women in them to co-operate with their needs in one way or another. All the poems deal with love, which is where the metaphysical aspect of the poem is portrayed. Metaphysics is a branch of philosophy that deals with the first principles, in particular Ontology ('being') and Epistemology ('knowing'), and that is concerned with the ultimate nature of reality. Metaphysical poets were a group of early 17th Century English Poets whose wok is characterised by ingenious, highly intricate wordplay and unlikely or paradoxical imagery. They use rhetorical and literary devices, such as paradox, hyperbole and elaborately developed conceits, in such a way as to engage the reader by their sheer outrageousness. In A Valediction Forbidding Mourning, a compass is used as the imagery. The poet is saying that he is at one point of the compass and she, his lover, is at the other and no matter how far he moves away they are still joined together. But when the lovers are together the points of the compass come together and the compass grows erect, this closed compass is an image of his erect penis. This image that the poet uses is to say to her that she need not worry because she is the only woman for him. At the top point of the image of the compass joining the man and woman together there is also a hidden picture of an eagle, "Like gold to ayery thinnesse beate." The 'ayery' in the quote is shaped to be seen as the word aviary which gives the idea of birds. When the illustration of 'gold' is mentioned before this, the two visual representations are combined to create an image of a golden eagle. The golden eagle is seen as a symbolic figure of strength and importance and within this text the poet is saying that the eagle is watching over them and protecting their love. The poem also brings up the subject of "Moving of th'earth brings harmes and feares," this is when the world was debating as to whether the earth was the centre of the universe. This caused a huge uproar in society because it shook peoples' beliefs. It is a sexual image and

The Door by E.B. White Essay -- E. B. White Literature Essays

The Door by E.B. White (1) As humans search for meaning and purpose in their lives, the constant changes of everyday life that they encounter can be overwhelming and frustrating. E. B. White gives us an example of this in his story "The Door." The theme of this story is that too much awareness and analysis of life’s frustrations can drive human kind insane and render them powerless. (2) The protagonist of this story is sucked in by his need to understand the frustrations of life. He is always seeking relief from his awareness of these frustrations; just when he thinks he has picked the correct path or door, ("the one with the circle on it"), the professor "changes that door on [him]." Consequently, the protagonist repeatedly encounters obstacles that block his ability to gain relief from his dissatisfaction. The insanity of never being satisfied with his lot in life, is prevalent in the protagonist's persistent refusal to give up his search for fulfillment ("jumping at the door"), much like the junkie's persistent refusal to give up that last fix. Finally, as his very life spins out of control, he finally succumbs to his frustrations the only way he can; through a lobotomy, he becomes willing to "meet the soft ground." (3) One way that White draws out his theme is through conflict. The main conflict in this story is powerlessness versus control. The protagonist continuously compares himself with the rats in a maze (like the Skinner box). The rats, which have no control over their environment, are being driven crazy by the Professor, who demands that they "deal with problems which are beyond the scope of rats." In an attempt to control their actions, the Professor first rewards the rats with food. Ho... ...m. White's fragmented wording here punctuates the protagonist's confusion and establishes a crazed or disturbed tone. The contradictions and retractions in sentences such as "...and the thing that you touched was rubber, only it wasn't quite rubber and you didn't quite touch it but almost" also suggest confusion and inner conflict, in addition to reinforcing the protagonist's obsession with analyzing. (8) From the start of the very first paragraph, by using words such as "duroid," "duro," and "flexsand," White forces the reader to join the protagonist in his insanity and his need to analyze. By immersing the reader into the story, White further brings out the theme by allowing the reader to identify with the protagonist's frustration, powerlessness, need to analyze. The reader then becomes enmeshed in the protagonist's journey on the road to insanity.

catcher in the rye :: essays research papers

What was Holden’s problem? Use incidents and examples from the book to support your conclusion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the book â€Å"The Catcher in the Rye†, by J.D. Salinger. The main character of the book and narrator was Holden Caulfield, who moves from prep school to prep school. He is sixteen years old and a junior at Pencey Prep. Holden is intelligent and sensitive. Holden’s problem in this book was that he felt lonely and scared of the adult world. He was also confused about life and the people in it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Holden feels tormented by the memory of his younger brother Allie’s death. His life was also complicated by his sexuality. This was shown all throughout the book, especially when he was with Sunny, the prostitute, in the hotel room. He had the opportunity to do sexual things with her but he did not because he felt uncomfortable. Usually Holden does not do anything to girls on dates if they say no, but it was different with the prostitute it was her job and he still decided not to do anything with her because he did not feel sexy enough.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He wants to see his sister, Phoebe, and his old girlfriend Jane Gallagher, but instead he spends time with Sally Hayes. Although, Holden says he really likes Jane but he never calls her. He is confused about his feelings. Holden got really lonely roaming around the city, so he decides to sneak back to his parents apartment to talk to Phoebe. He borrows some money from her because he was broke and she offered all her Christmas money. This is when Holden really felt like a loser. He felt that he can not accomplish to nothing taking money from his little sister, so he decides to give it back to her. This is when he started thinking much harder about life and that he needs to get into the adult world and out this little kids world and grow up.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Holden experiences a nervous breakdown as he wonders the streets of NYC. As he is crossing the street he feels as if he is going

Diversity in Law Enforcement: the Report

The Everly Police Department is facing a problem in which there is not an policy or procedure in which complaints from the newly formed Diversity Complaint Bureau can follow to resolve the complaints that are being submitted. Analysis Recently a report was made public by the Minority Police Officers Organization regarding the lack of diversity within the Everly Police Department. Results detailed the fact the Everly Police Department is a male dominated and paramilitary force and it has not taken any steps in order to promote or celebrate it. Numbers show that the majority of all force members are white males, with the minority being women, Hispanics, African-Americans and Asians. Since this report was made public the newly appointed assistant superintendant of public for administration, Linda Michaelson, has been given the role of damage controller in order to reverse the results of the report and show the public that the Everly Police Department is diverse and that they have the right procedures in place for employees to submit their complaints regarding diversity in the department. Linda started by formulating a plan for a new bureau within the Internal Affairs Bureau called Diversity Complaints. This plan was approved by both the superintendant and the city council and was put into action. The plan brought forward some hesitation from both mid-level field-commanders and union representative as they felt as if someone was always going to be looking over their work and it was not approved into agreements by union officials. The plan was put into action anyway and proved to be successful with 7 complaints submitted within the first month. Complaints are submitted by forms which can be accessed through a variety of sources, including electronically (on-line) and hardcopy (a copy mailed to each employee, and located visibly in all departments). Once a form is complete, it is submitted via email or regular post. From a complete formal complaint, an internal affairs detective would investigate it and form a reasonable resolution. Linda suggested that the ending resolution of a complaint could come in the form of sensitivity training to employees or possible position dismissal of employees involved. Once a resolution has been reached the complaining employee would be contacted. With seven complaints in one month, reviewed and investigated, Linda and her fellow diversity bureau employees had one more step to take and that was to resolve the complaints in fashion in which all parties involved would be disciplined, should the complaint be legitimate after the complaint was investigated. This is where Linda was stumped. Linda needs to formulate a guideline for the Diversity Bureau to follow once a complaints investigation is complete. The guidelines must be fair to the parties involved. Another problem is that each complaint is going to be different so it is going to hard to set a resolution for each and every complaint that may be submitted. Individual(s) Linda Michaelson has been with the Everly Police Department for 22 years and was the key player in the making of the ‘Hostile Work Environment’ report and implementation process of a new bureau within the Internal Affairs Bureau called ‘Diversity Complaint’ within the department. She like most started off as a patrol officer and moved her way up into higher positions within the department. According to the case however, these moves up did not come easily without critism and judgement from other officers, as she was a female in a male dominated field of work. Her positions have included being a patrol officer, a public school safety officer, a contact for the detective bureau and most recently an assistant superintendent of police for administration. Linda’s father was a retired sergeant with the Everly Police Department and always gave Linda advice on how to overcome the biases of her gender in the department. He also was her greatest supporter of following her dreams to keep moving up. He gave advice saying ‘to be the best at what she did’. As now the assistant superintendant of police for administration, one of Linda’s roles was to manage the results of the recently released report, paid for by the Minority Police Officers Organization, on the diversity within the Everly Police Department which came back as quite damaging to the force. Linda was told that her job was to do the damage control for the results. Linda was able to relate and react to some of the complaints being issued and brought forward by fellow department employees as she too has been the subject to gender and sexual harassment in the workforce and has seen others be subject to the same. Linda was influenced by her father to succeed and move higher in the force if she wished to do so. As woman in the male dominated career field she knew it would not be easy and her father was the one who gave her advice on how to proceed, especially if someone got in her way and told her she could not do it, or gave her difficultly doing what she has wanted. Linda knew that even though she was a woman, there was no job within the department that a man could do better than her. With these thoughts she proceeded to move up and not letting anyone get in her way. I believe that the Everly Police Department could have indeed avoided the situation in which they have now found themselves in. Should the Everly Police Department had done something, whether it be their own research, changes with time and the changing workforce in their in existing policies and procedures for complaints, they would not be in such a reputation damaging situation. With the new formation and implementation of a Diversity Complaint bureau within the Internal Affairs Bureau, Linda hope to achieve an easier, more effective and trusting way for employees to have their complaints and biases heard. She also wishes to achieve effective ways to respond and actions to take when dealing with the complaints; a way that the incidents will be resolved and a way that will ensure that they will not happen again. Linda can justify feeling the way she does about the need of this new bureau to be formed in the Everly Police Department as she has been the subject first hand to workplace harassment and the hesitance that many people feel when making a complaint to the superintendant or union member. Linda’s passion to create a diversity complaint bureau that all employees can submit a complaint(s) to without judgement and fear of the complaint being thrown out or not resolved is very much present. This new venture will make all employees, minority or majority, feel a lot more comfortable and place more trust on the organization should there be a procedure in which results and implications are being made. I do not believe that there is another explanation for the current situation in which the Everly Police Department is in. They clearly have an issue of corruption in the complaints department that has now made employees scared, anxious and uncomfortable at their place of work, which is clearly not acceptable. Until this time, there was no talk of trying to fix the issues that they have in regards to diversity within the organization or the policies and procedures for employees to follow to submit complaints. Organization The Everly Police Department has found themselves to now have a very bad public image and bad reputation for being un-diversified. The department never took upon themselves to look into and hire an outside source to research the diversity within the department. Now, an outside organization called the Minority Police Officers Organization has completed that task and has released the results to the public through many media sources. In having these results published severe damage has been done to the department. It shows them to be a male dominated, paramilitary organization, in which has no ability to integrate minorities. The department has also never considered the re-vamping or the new creation of a way for employees to submit complaints in confidence, knowing that action will be reached and not thrown out because of corruption within the complaint process. The department may have also found themselves to be in this predicament as they have never approached employees on the states of the program that they have in place now. They do not know how employees feel about the processes that are in place now and whether or not employees are feeling that the complaints are being adequately resolved and are not reoccurring. Within the Everly Police Department there has been no recent change in the policies and procedures that employees must take to submit a complaint. For years complaints were to be submitted to the superintendant or to a union representative. They then were suppose to take the complaints and resolve the issue at hand. Many times, as stated in the case, these complaints were disregarded as the superintendent or union representative said that the complaint was not legitimate and that the older employees are still adhering to policies from 20 years ago, the one that they were used to. The external environment is pushing the Everly Police Department to change it values. The department is stuck on values that were established 20 plus years ago. The generation that is now being employed is a generation that wants values where everyone is accepted, where there is no discrimination in the hiring process, and where harassment amongst co-workers in any form is not tolerated. In today society many people of all races, ethnic backgrounds, and religions are entering the workforce and are determined to be treated as an equal. There is no explanation or reason why they should not be, they are the same as everyone else and can perform the same tasks no matter what their gender, race, ethnic background or religious beliefs, and the pressure is high for organizations to conform to these societal expectations. External organizations have now gone as far as pursuing their own research studies into the values, policies and procedures of the police department and are publicising reports that are being proven to be very damaging to the department. The present situation could have been prevented if the Everly Police Department’s structure and policies had been different. Should the structure and policies have been updated and revamped with the newer values of the new generation of employees and older employees educated on the ways why they should also open their minds to change, I do believe that the report that the Minority Police Offers Organization has publicised would not have been so damaging. The Everly Police Department has made the right decision in regards to the damage control of the report that was made public. It has taken the right steps in asking Linda to create and implement the new bureau for diversity complaints. Although this move has been long overdue and the reputation of the Everly Police Department has been given a bad name, I believe that it was the push that they needed. This new bureau has already shown to be successful as within one month seven complaints have already been submitted. Now, Linda and the diversity complaint bureau must work together in order to form the right set of procedures that will allow for all complaints to be resolved and limit the complaints on the same action in the future.

Analysis of the Nature and Culture Division

The advances in the understanding of nature in terms of scientific knowledge has been tremendous especially since the mid-1950’s with the discovery of the DNA structure, which precipitated more advances in molecular biology, genetics, and biochemistry.   However, in the end of the 20th century until now, our modern society has seen more and more debates about how nature has been altered and/or destroyed by our progress in technology, in particular biotechnology.Yet, one may wonder if the debate over technological progress affecting nature or more specifically, natural laws that govern our existence, does reflect a cultural bias in the general comprehension of technological progress in our society.   Consequently, three questions may be asked to completely analyze the problem.   First, is there a nature/culture problem to be discussed?   Second, if there is, how has it affected our global society with respect to a cultural shift caused by particular developments in scie nce and technology and when?   If there is a global effect, is there a tangible effect on our personal life?   This paper will deal with each of these questions.The amazing characteristics that humans possess, is to learn from previous generations, to improve upon their work, and to establish a momentum to human life and culture that has taken our civilization from cave art to quantum physics, and into the space age.   In addition, other scientific advances bring about technological progress in our direct environment and society, more so than being in space.   Even more so has biotechnology been altering the nature of our humanity, not only in terms of ‘programmed’ physical changes based on scientific discoveries, but also in terms of environmental changes.Unfortunately, people’s understanding of what science is capable of either to benefit our society or destroy it, has been undermined since the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century.   How do we kn ow that?   Simply consider the history of our society until now with the debate over cloning and stem-cell research that have come under fire in our western part of the world.   In both cases, a further division has taken place within the world scientific community.   Some countries allow the research whereas others do not.   Consequently, what can we draw from this chiasm, is it due to a cultural difference?   If it is, then do we really understand what the meaning of culture is?   If we do, can we reconcile differences?Raymond Williams tells us that there is a great difficulty in even defining the concept of culture. (Williams, ) Is it a division of the whole into parts (the individual) like Latour claims or a whole global entity like Tarde thinks? (Latour, Social in Question)   Furthermore, Williams is not even sure himself of what nature really means.   On page 78, he does tell us that there is a general confusion or disparity of what different people mean by nat ure.   Is it either the nature of man (biology), the natural nature of our environment, or both?   Latour seems to agree with Williams that there is a problem of defining the context of nature and culture.   Latour uses the illustration of one simple event like using an aerosol can after which people are taken on a journey to Antarctica, to touring scientific labs across the world, and the chemistry of inert gases. (p. 2 Crisis) (Latour, )This implies that the complexity of the division is based not only on the science of the natural environment, but also first on how people are affected by the effects of the ozone problem, and second how different people or the world as a single cultural phenomenon perceive the problem.   The conclusion is that the division exists but its very existence is very confusing to any person from any part of the world or the whole world, perhaps minus the scientists.   Rabinow’s expose supports this idea of confusion when she claims using Michel Foucault’s and Gilles Deleuze’s arguments that there has been a shift caused by this division, particularly on how we as a species comprehend ourselves and our environment.   Specifically, on p. 91, she states:â€Å"In the modern form, finitude establishes a field of life, labor, and language  within which Man appears as a distinctive being who is both the subject and object of his own understanding, but an understanding that is never complete because of its very structure.† (Rabinow, )Toxen is convinced that this magnitude of this shift has actually been more like a revolution with respect to science and technology in our society. (Toxen, 1983) On p.1, he emphasizes that there is a total reshaping of â€Å"industries, companies, universities, and laboratories to sustain the present mode of production.†Ã‚   He adds that the cause of this shift seems to be linked to a push for biotechnological advances, especially in our time (he wrote this art icle in 1983).So, how do this shift and the nature/culture division affect our own existence?   Callon speaks of auto engineers in France becoming sociologists in order to manufacture the first electric car.   As a consequence, engineers define what society will be like and how it will be changed because of the introduction of such a new mode of transportation.   Their resulting conclusions motivate their work while reshaping our ideas or shall we say our cultural acceptance. (Callon, )   In the same vein, biotechnology has been hailed as the only way to remedy problems that our society faces.   For example, Lappe and Collins cite the example of how biotechnology is supposed to solve world hunger but people are starving more than ever. (Lappe-Collins, )An illustration of this idea is cited by Pollan with Monsanto genetically engineering a bug-killer potato that may be hazardous to our health so we would not be able to eat it anyway! (Pollan, ).   In the context of ecolog y, Schwartz and Thompson speak of â€Å"Nature benign gives us global equilibrium.† (Schwartz, Thompson, 1990) This idea implies that science and technology cannot help the way that is propounded.   The reason is simple: there is not enough comprehension of us as individuals and as a civilization (culture) to solve the mostly self-inflicted obstacles encountered with our nature as a species as well as our environment (nature).In conclusion, there is a real doubt whether science and technology can help our society.   Since there is a fuzzy picture of how we understand the division between culture and nature, science and technology cannot claim that they understand what shapes our society for the better while they certainly do not understand how they can shape society for the worst.ReferencesCallon, ?. (Year?). Engineers as sociologists. Publication? 210- 216.Lappe, ?, Collins, ?. (Year?). World hunger: twelve myths.   Publication? 48-66.Latour, B. Joyce, P. (editor). (Ye ar?). The social in question. New bearings on history and the Social Sciences. London: Routledge.   (year?). Crisis. Publication? 2-12.Pollan, M. (date and year?). Playing God in my garden. The New York Times. 1-12.Rabinow, P. (Year?) Artificiality and enlightenment: from sociobiology to biosociality. Publication? 91-110.Schwartz, M., Thompson, M. (1990). Divided we stand: redefining politics, technology, and social choice.   London: Harvester & Wheatsheaf.Toxen, L. (1983). The life industry in gene business: who should control biotechnology? London: Association Books.Williams, R. (Year?). Title? Publication? 68-84.

African Negro Art Essay

In †Walker Evans: The Hungry Eye†, author Gilles Mora attempts to capture and represent every significant aspect of the photographer’s life and times via his art work. Evans was a Depression-era photographer with the Farm Security Administration and later editor of Fortune magazine. His work was featured in Time magazine and he was the first photographer to be given a solo show at New York’s Museum of Modern Art in 1938. In 1935, he had his first photograph display at the museum, a series he called â€Å"African Negro Art. † Evans did not initially set out to be a photographer, but ended up as part of a class of FSA photographers that included such greats as Dorothea Lange and Ansel Adams. He was born to well-to-do parents in St. Louis in 1903 and attend college in New York for a year before going to Paris to see the world. In 1927, he returned to the New York literary scene making friends with others who would go on to have a huge impact on his career. He first began taking photographs in 1928 and worked on Wall Street as a clerk to a stockbroker until the stock market crash in 1929. A year later his first photographs, of the Brooklyn Bridge, were published in a book of poetry by Hart Crane. During the Depression, Evans toured Cuba where he met Earnest Hemingway and worked for the Resettlement Administration in West Virginia before joining the FSA. He spent a great deal of time shooting American architecture as a manner of recording history and life and also spent 3 weeks living with sharecroppers in Alabama for a piece for Time magazine that James Agee was supposed to write. The piece did not meet Time’s standards, but he and Agee would publish the story and photos in 1941 in Let Us Now Praise Famous Men† Evans primarily used an 8† by 10† large format camera for his Depression era work, though he would switch to 35 mm in his later years. He is primarily known for his attempt to document life as it was without the influence of the photographer being felt in the photographs. This was, of course, impossible given the medium that he was using. The large size format combine with the film type meant that often his subjects would have to remain motionless for several minutes while the film was exposing. Still, even his staged photographs appeared to be accurate scenes of life in the South in the Depression. During World War II, Evans was a regular contributor to Time magazine and after the war he joined the staff of Fortune magazine where he was a regular contributor until 1965. In 1965, he left the magazine to become a professor of graphic design at Yale Univeristy in New Haven, Conn., where he remained until his death in 1975. Evans is best known for his Depression era work, but he also did several series after the war attempting to document American life. He did a series about American industrialization s shot from a moving train and about the people of New York City that he shot on the subway with a camera hidden in his coat. Evans is credited with having a strong influence on several American artists most notably Andy Warhol, who may have gotten the idea for his photo-booth series from work that Evans had done in a photo-booth. It is believed that Evans began experimenting with the use of photo booth imagery as early as 1929 in an attempt to divest himself from the role of artist in the taking of the photograph. Evans argued throughout most of his life in favor of the idea that photography should be a record of what was and not an artistic medium. Mora attempts to depict Evans’ work in a manner as closely as possible to the way they were originally presented, meaning some reproductions in the book are small and difficult to appreciate, but as a whole Evans’ body of work is amazing for its depiction of the human spirit.

Travis Hirschi Social Bond Theory

Protected* Populations – Examples include, but are not limited to: Children/Minors (under the age of 18) (Exception – projects conducted in established or commonly accepted educational settings involving normal educational practices. Contact IRB office for guidance. ) Prisoners (now includes non-publicly available secondary data) Pregnant women Fetuses and products of labor and delivery People with diminished capacity to give consent Mentally or physically challenged individuals *Sensitive Information – Examples include, but are not limited to: Information relating to an individual’s psychological well being or mental health Information relating to sexual attitudes, preferences, or practices Information relating to the use of alcohol or drugs Information relating to illegal behavior Information that if released could reasonably place the individual at risk of criminal or civil liability or be damaging to the individual’s financial standing, employability, or reputation Information that would normally be recorded in a patient’s medical record and the disclosure could reasonably lead to discrimination, stigmatization, etc. There are several categories of protected subjects. Children – Subpart D of the federal regulations protecting human subjects, incorporated in Georgetown's policies, provides additional protections for children. Research with children as subjects can be exempt in only two instances: {text:list-item} {text:list-item} Prisoners – Subpart C to the governing regulations provides additional safeguards for prisoners as research subjects. Essentially, the regulations are designed to discourage the use of prisoners as subjects unless the research will materially affect the lives of prisoners. They are not, in other words, to be used as a captive population. An IRB that reviews a protocol with prisoners as subjects must have a prisoner representative on the committee. 3. A. Children Children are considered to be protected because their youth may make full understanding of the risks and benefits of a study impossible, making them unable to make a truly informed decision. Recognizing that regulations may vary from state to state and country to country, the IRB defines a child as any individual under the age of 18. If a study will occur in an area where different legal definitions exist, the researcher should incorporate this information into the proposal if he or she is seeking a waiver of requirements for this protected population. If the subjects of a study will be children, the researcher is expected to respect each child as an autonomous being. Consequently, the researcher must secure the assent of each child as well as the consent of the child’s parents / guardians or legal representatives. If a child cannot read, the consent process will need to be adapted to provide the information orally. Documentation of the child’s assent and the consent of parents or guardians must follow the guidelines for informed consent. Each class of subjects that one might consider to be incompetent, such as young children, should be considered on their own terms. â€Å"Respect† requires giving them the opportunity to choose whether to participate to the extent they are able to make a decision. Researchers are not required to obtain a child’s assent if the child is incapable of providing it. Each individual child’s ability to assent must be determined. In other words, researchers cannot assume that all children below a certain age are unable to assent. Even a very young child may be capable of understanding what is proposed and thus can agree or decline to participate. In rare instances, a child’s assent may not be required if the intervention or procedure is likely to benefit the well-being of the child directly and is available only in the context of the research. This situation occurs most frequently in biomedical research. In determining whether children are capable of assenting, the IRB will take into account the ages, maturity, and psychological state of the children involved. This judgment may be made for all children to be involved in research under a particular protocol, or for each child, as the IRB deems appropriate. When interacting with children, use language the child can understand and present concepts in a way the child can grasp. Researchers should also take care that the child does not feel pressured by the researcher as an adult (authority figure) or by the child’s parent, guardian, or legal representative—other authority figures. In studies that involve more than minimal risk, obtain consent from both parents, if possible. (See â€Å"Studies with *Children*—More than Minimal Risk. â€Å") For minimal risk studies, consent from one parent is sufficient. Consent from one parent is also permitted if a parent is deceased, unknown, incompetent, or not reasonably available, or if one parent has legal responsibility for the care and custody of the child. In the absence of a parent or parents able to give consent, consent may be given by a child’s legal guardian or legal representative. Children who are wards of the state or of any agency, institution, or other entity may participate in research only if the study (1) is related to the children’s status as wards, or (2) will be conducted in schools, camps, hospitals, institutions, or similar settings in which the majority of children involved as subjects are not wards (that is, the fact that an individual subject is a ward is incidental). In these situations, researchers must provide for the appointment of an advocate for each child who is a ward. The advocate is in addition to the child’s guardian or legal representative, and he or she must have the background and experience necessary to act in the best interests of the child for the duration of the child’s participation in the research. An individual may serve as advocate for more than one child; the advocate may not be associated in any way with the proposed research, the researcher(s), or the child’s guardian organization. (See 45CFR46, Subpart D. )

Characters in superman study

Characters in superman study Jack Tanner is the protagonist of â€Å"man and superman† play he is the anther of â€Å"the revolutionist hand book†. he has a thin body and blue eyes .he is in the middle age .He speaks fluently. He is rich and single, unattached. He refuses the idea of marriage because he wants to be free form women, especially from Ann Whitefield. Moreover, he describes marriage as apostasy and shameful surrender. Tanner argues, Ann to challenge her mother through his speech against the tyranny of mothers and intends tanner to act hat he believes to be true moral sense. Through â€Å"man and superman† play. Tanner is pursued by Ann Whitefield and he tries to escape form her. At the end of the play tanner announces that life forces enchant him and he will marry Ann. The reader can see form the play that tanner just talks, in other words, he doesn’t translate ideas to actions tanner appears as condemned man who has no control over his fate. Ann Whitefield is the heroine of â€Å"man and superman† play. She is an intelligent woman. Ann is beautiful, graceful and respectable. She wears black dress. Most of the play’s characters are fascinated by her expect tanner who considers her a liar woman, Ann loves tanner and pursues him, but he doesnà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t care of her. She is â€Å"the archetype of the vital woman† (James, lowers.1971). the most important purpose in her life is to find the right father for her children. So she purpose in her life is to marry him, who refuses her at first but accepts at the end. Ann plays her role successfully so the audience understands how she deceives most characters in the play. The reader can see from each act of the play that Ann does every thing to make people do what she wants. Briefly, she uses all means to achieve her destiny. Tanner describes her as a liar woman because she lid when she told him about the reason why Rhoda can not go with him to the trip. Roebuck Rams den Roebuck Ramsden is an old gentleman. He has a white hair. He wears a black overcoat. He works as a free trader. He is a respectable man; he holds an important position is society he is described by Shaw as â€Å"a man of means†( Shaw, 1973)who lives in quite and comfortable. He is the first person who opens and reads Mr. Whitefield’s letter and discover that he will be a guardian with tanner for Whitefield’s daughters, he shocks to discover that, because he hates tanner. Ramsden considers Tanner as a man without morals and he refuses to read tanners book â€Å"the revolutionists handbook† although he denies that this book is not too advanced for him. On the other hand, tanner sees Ramsden as an old-fashioned man. Ramsden wears, as show tells us suitable clothes with a respectable religious man he seems as a complete conformist, although he appears his proud on his position. Octavius Robinson